ABSTRACT
Marine management addresses direct uses such as oil, fisheries, and mining as well as indirect and nonuse properties that include nutrient cycling, marine protected areas, and cultural importance among other factors. The 1982 Law of the Sea Treaty followed by exclusive economic zones and regional arrangements created numerous jurisdictions for resource management. For each jurisdiction, decision makers select among policy instruments such as treaties, regulations, subsidies, sanctions, and property rights to shape human behavior consistent with evolving goals for the marine environment. At the resulting resource management frontier, the creation of new policy instruments incorporating more resources and values over larger geographic areas will shape future advances in this field.
