ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses several analytical and bioanalytical methods as examples for the analysis of xenobiotics and their main metabolites in various biological, environmental and food samples. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry uses directed sample preparation towards generic methods that are able to extract as many residues as possible, as its selectivity avoids the use of extensive clean-up procedures, despite the complex composition of the matrix. Various mass analyzers offering these possibilities are already used routinely in combination with gas or liquid chromatography, among which triple quadrupoles and ion traps are in common use. Capillary liquid chromatography combined with pressurized liquid extraction and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of vitamin E in cosmetic products was applied. Quantifying the concentration of antibiotics in invasive medical devices may provide information about its capability to penetrate into the biofilm and, therefore, the efficacy offered in the treatment of the infection.
