ABSTRACT
The authors have developed a prediction method for ground conditions ahead of the face, where the inclination angle at the crown near the face is measured as the tunnel face advances. Since the installation of sensors and measurement require no additional borehole explorations nor blasting work around the face, the tunnelling works are not hindered. This paper describes an outline of the development of the method. In addition, through the numerical study, it will show that the proposed method with inclination monitoring is more sensitive to the ground condition and contributes to more precise prediction of forward ground conditions than other conventional prediction methods with displacement monitoring.
