ABSTRACT
The world of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is full of many useful and unique industrial and consumer products. Groundwater treatment for contaminated soil leachate is generally a reactionary measure that has been proven effective for preventing PFAS release to sources of drinking water. P. J. Lasier studied the transfer of PFAS from soil to an aquatic worm, Lumbriculus variegatus, and calculated bioaccumulation factors. The two main paths of PFAS entry into soil are industrial waste sites and the application of aqueous film-forming foams at military bases, airports, and municipal firefighting training areas. All remediation of PFAS methods can be divided into two categories: destructive and nondestructive. Destructive methods involve chemical transformations of PFAS leading to a change in their toxicological characteristics. The plan also included excavation of all soils on site that exceeded the Minnesota industrial soil reference values for perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid, followed by backfilling of the site with uncontaminated soil.
