ABSTRACT
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are extraordinarily stable and difficult to volatilize. This chapter discusses the technologies for soil and groundwater PFAS remediation. Waters impacted with PFAS are dosed with PerfluorAd, which flocculates with PFAS to form insoluble flake structures that precipitate. Since PerfluorAd stirred reactors only target PFAS, additional treatment steps may be implemented to minimize downstream granular activated carbon requirements, particularly in the case of complex or mixed-contaminant waters. The organic matter component of RemBind contains a highly carbonaceous surface capable of hydrophobic interactions with molecules, as occurs with activated carbon. RemBind has been used to remediate both PFAS-laden water and hydrocarbon-contaminated soils and has been reported to maintain its effectiveness. RemBind is marketed as a contaminant immobilization agent that can address a source of groundwater PFAS contamination. Growing international concern about the pervasiveness and toxicity of PFAS in the environment has led to the development and commercialization of technologies anticipating remediation needs.
