ABSTRACT
Mixed-signal complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology has become a popular research area for integrated biosensing applications. However, while modern CMOS processes, through the fulfillment of Moore’s law, realize decreasing minimum sizing, this is accompanied by a lessening power supply. The intrinsic transistor noise sources include thermal noise, a white band noise source with a constant value spectral density, and flicker noise, which varies inversely with the frequency, gate current noise, and shot noise. Amplifier noise is measured at the output directly using the spectrum analyzer and a voltage-buffering circuit to prevent the analyzer from loading the amplifier. The voltage buffer and amplifier should be supplied using a noiseless power source such as a battery with voltage regulation. There are many other metrics for characterization of the interplay noise of a system and the available power specifications. Specifically, the noise efficiency factor is a popular metric for characterizing noise and power of a system.
