ABSTRACT
Owing to their ruggedness, the most widely used reference
electrodes are the Ag/AgCl and saturated calomel electrode (SCE).
The electrochemical cell is connected to a potentiostat,
which controls the potential applied at the working elec-
trode. A generic illustration of a potentiostat is given in
Fig. 2. It consists of a waveform generator (waveforms
will be discussed later), a potentiostatic control circuit, a
current-to-voltage (i-to-E) converter, and an output
device. Modern instrumentation can be complicated and
the electronics needed for voltammetric measurements
may differ depending on the application. Here, Fig. 2 is
shown only to illustrate the basic requirements for voltam-
metric measurements.
