ABSTRACT
Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs), from extremely low frequency (ELF) to pulsed radio frequency (PRF), have been successfully employed as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of delayed, nonunion, and fresh fractures and fresh and chronic wounds. PEMF signals with a vast range of waveform parameters have been reported to reduce pain and inflammation. The electrochemical information transfer (ECM) model proposed that weak nonthermal PEMF could be configured to modulate voltage-dependent electrochemical processes at electrified aqueous cell and molecular interfaces. PEMF signals with a vast range of waveform parameters have been reported to reduce pain and inflammation. It will be recalled that PRF effects in living systems appear to occur within a window defined by a combination of pulse modulation parameters and amplitude of induced electric field. This modification of the ECM model may be tested in other studies. Two recent publications show that PEMF effects depend upon signal configuration.
