ABSTRACT
Real-time cell electronic sensing is a tool for label-free detection and cell-based parameters. Cancerous cells present varying migratory/invasive behaviors specific to chemoattractant stimuli/Matrigel concentration. Cellular invasion/migration for real-time cell analyzer is a versatile device for invasive/migration analysis and a unique platform capable of quantitatively measuring invasive/migratory behavior of cells in real time, without exogenous labels, which enables identification of migratory/invasive time points, which will help increase throughput by shortening assay time, minimize number of endpoint assays, and assist to determine optimal time points for inhibitor studies. Analysis using xCELLigence reduces hands-on cellmanipulation steps leading to physiologically relevant results. Upregulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydride oxidase four, by transforming growth factor-β, is required for its pro-apoptotic activity in hepatocytes. Impairment of transforming factor-β-induced response might confer apoptosis resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Overactivation of pathway mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, in liver tumor cells, confers resistance to transforming growth 210factor-β-induced cell death, via impairing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydride oxidase four upregulation, which is required for efficient mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. In vivo murine study corroborated that silencing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydride oxidase four increases tumorigenic capacity. Human hepatocellular carcinoma downregulates oxidase. Silencing oxidase induces epithelial–mesenchymal transition mechanisms, which brings on migration.
