ABSTRACT

A good waste management practice is a significant environmental justice that focusses on fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens to civil society. Impressively, the concept of waste to wealth has been addressed by valorization techniques, rather creating a zero-waste society. Bio-valorization deals with different types of waste in accordance to category, design, infrastructure, operation, recycle, and efficient reuse. For instance, the urban sustainable development challenges of residential waste, animal waste, wood and paper are successfully turned into valuable materials. The practice of valorization is also stepping forward to profit entities to create a market demand for eco-labeled products. These products can provide the context for a circular economy via a transition from a dominant “linear” to a “cradle-to-cradle” (C2C) approach. This approach enlightens the design of business models, the techniques to increase valorization efficiency, and sustainability for the extent of innovation potentials on bioeconomy. Hereby, the value chain of circular-bioeconomy is expected to be transparent for structured and comprehensive decision-making. Conclusively, the C2C framework requires voluntary agreements for the promotion of waste reduction, conversion of waste to valuable materials, implementation of green public procurement as well as economic profit to the government and policy makers rather than merely causing less harm.