ABSTRACT
Coffee is one of the most favored beverages consumed all over the world. It is estimated that during 2020–2021, around 166.63 million 60-kg bags were consumed worldwide. The economies of several coffee-growing countries depend heavily on the production and export of coffee, and it is estimated that more than 125 million people worldwide were directly or indirectly involved in the coffee supply chain and derive their income from the production of coffee. Most coffee species discovered so far naturally occur in tropical forests of Africa, Madagascar, and the Mascarene islands, while some of the species are found in the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and tropical Australasia. Globally, there are several constraints that affect coffee cultivation. The major factors that affect production and productivity include a number of pests and diseases, biotic and abiotic stress, and the accelerated anthropogenic climatic change.
