ABSTRACT
This chapter aims to overview the state-of-the-art in measuring and monitoring thermal exposure at various scales in cities. To this aim, it reviews the available metrics that characterise thermal exposure, and how these metrics are evolving to quantify thermal discomfort and heat strain in different climates. Then, the chapter reviews measurement and monitoring techniques to assess thermal exposure across global, city, street, building, and human scales. The chapter concludes by identifying the urgent need for integrated approaches to consider environmental, physiological, and behavioural issues that modulate the impact of thermal exposure on human life.
