ABSTRACT
Fodder crops are annual crops that are cultivated in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions. These crops play an essential part as agricultural food for domesticated livestock such as cattle, sheep, horses, and chickens. They are utilized as hay, silage, forage, molasses, seeds, legumes, and sprouted grains. However, these crops are vulnerable to many biotic and abiotic stresses, resulting in decreased crop productivity and yield depending on the crop types and stress duration. These stresses harm the agriculture economy and can lead to worldwide economic losses. In the current scenario, drastic changes in environmental conditions have emphasized identifying alternative options for increasing food productivity by overcoming these stresses. Biotechnological approaches contribute to developing stress-resistant crops with improved crop quality, sustainability, productivity, and yield. Genetic transformation, genome editing, and molecular-assisted breeding are genetic and molecular tools used.
