ABSTRACT
This chapter intends to review some of the major advances and milestones in the field of detection systems based upon nanomaterials and their roles in biodiagnostic screening for nucleic acids, proteins, and some biologically relevant small molecules and metal ions. It focuses on some of the key fundamental properties of certain nanostructures that make them ideal for specific diagnostic applications. Nucleic acid sequences unique to every living organism and every bacterium, virus, or pathogen provide practical targets for the identification and diagnosis of various diseases. With the advent of rapid sequencing capabilities, sequence information is now available for many diseases, including those associated with bioterrorism and warfare. Polymerase chain reaction, a technology that allows duplication of portions of prospective targets, represents the ultimate in terms of sensitivity but has significant drawbacks including complexity, sensitivity to contamination, cost, and lack of portability and major challenges with respect to multiplexing.
