ABSTRACT
It has been a popular concept that the longevity of females as compared with males is due to excess stress encountered by males. Among humans, these stresses have included the hierarchy of the workplace and among humans and other species the aggression needed to assume dominance over more submissive males in pursuit of females and food. In addition, sociologists have referred to possible inherent aggressions that result in as much as 30% excess deaths among human males by possible accidental or planned lethal encounters with automobiles, guns, other lifethreatening weapons, contact sports, etc.
