ABSTRACT
Management of water, nutrients, pests, and diseases is essential for production and maintenance of high-quality turfgrass on golf courses. Reduction in the use of pesticides, fertilizers, and irrigation water is not always a direct economic issue to many golf course managers. The concepts originally developed for agricultural IPM programs have been suggested as a format for ecologically sound management of turfgrass pests. The implementation of integrated crop management concepts for integrated management of turfgrass pests, nutrients, and water could be just as effective for reducing the perceived adverse environmental impacts associated with management of golf courses and other lawns. Development of economically feasible programs compatible with long-term environmental and societal goals is an essential ingredient for the success of integrated pest management and turfgrass management systems (TMS). Demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of TMS strategies for maintaining turfgrass quality is necessary for its general acceptance.
