ABSTRACT
Golf course and turfgrass managers control turfgrass pests and disease with a wide range of cultural and chemical practices. Effective chemical action of applied chemicals requires exposure to a sufficient quantity of chemical, presence of the chemical in an active form, and exposure for sufficient time to produce a toxic effect. Toxicity alone is insufficient to produce chronic or acute effects without sufficient exposure to the toxic agent. Acute effects are dramatic or rapid responses of organisms to large quantities of pesticides over a short period of time. Exposure to sufficient quantities of applied pesticides to produce acute effects in wildlife or other nontarget organisms may occur with chemical application immediately followed by a heavy rainfall. Extensive data have been collected on chemicals using a variety of terrestrial and aquatic test organisms. These data are available for the assessment of chemical toxicity on “representative” laboratory animals.
