Evaluation of the long-term energy costs of leaks in buried pipeline systems

Leaks alter the energy profile of a pipe segment by establishing a modified energy grade line which is dependent upon the size and location of the leak. Numerical simulation employing an orifice relationship to represent leaks in a simple network indicated a substantial increase in the energy required at the source in order to maintain flow/head at the demand node. The increased energy burden of the system adversely affects operating costs and, since leaks are probably inevitable but still dependent on pipe properties, could lead to different choices being made regarding pipe material selection, rehabilitation schedule and service life for buried distribution networks.