ABSTRACT
Naturally occurring deposits formed prior to the Pleistocene glaciation are generally referred to by geologists as rocks and comprise the ‘solid’ formations shown on geological maps. The strength of these ‘solid’ formations varies such that some of them are classified for engineering purposes as soils. These include many of the deposits in the south east of the UK such as London Clay and Gault Clay. Periglacial and lacustrine deposits are also found in the plains and valleys together with estuarine and coastal muds and silts. Peat and other organic soils are found throughout the upland region. The majority of site investigation in the upland area is confined to testing drift deposits and establishing rock head. The variety of materials ranging from organic deposits to strong rocks means that the soils and rocks in the UK encompass the complete range of strengths and stiffnesses.
