ABSTRACT
The challenge of dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) characterization in the subsurface has been successfully met using a toolbox approach employing several complementary and corroborating technologies grounded in a robust baseline soil sampling method. Some of the best DNAPL characterization tools have been those incorporated with the cone penetrometer test (CPT) to take advantage of its rapid, minimally invasive, and cost-effective access capabilities and its high vertical resolution. Because DNAPL fate is strongly dependent on the often subtle, physical changes in geology and rarely accumulates in large volumes, high resolution techniques are critical for successful detection.
