ABSTRACT
Chapter 4 discusses traditional electrical energy systems and the development of large nation-scale generation systems. The electric grids of today consist of generating stations that produce electrical power, transmission lines that carry power to demand centers, and distribution lines that connect individual customers. These systems might use a wide array of generation including large hydropower, conventional fossil fuel systems, nuclear power, and in some cases renewable energy. Central power stations typically rely on a single type of fuel for generation. Large central systems supply electricity power to consumers—a one-way model of dispatching power with inherent limitations. Developing problems with the electric grid include security issues, power disruptions, inefficiencies, environmental issues, and regulatory concerns. These problems have contributed to a complex system of electric regulation by federal, regional, and local governments to manage policies for generation, distribution, and sale of power to consumers. The regulatory environment often creates multiple complications and hurdles for distributed energy resources when interconnecting with existing national grids.
