ABSTRACT
Even though the philosophy of Artificial Intelligence is a young discipline, it has already raised many interesting debates in relation with the Turing test or the Chinese room argument proposed by John Searle, and some important distinctions such as the opposition between weak and strong AI. The rise of Big Data has created new debates about the epistemological implications of what it means for scientific research to be data-driven. In this chapter, we will first introduce the reader to the key epistemological issues in medicine and artificial intelligence respectively. Then, we will tackle the specific problems raised by the use of AI and Big Data in medical research and clinical medicine, such as the possibility of predicting a disease or finding new treatments simply by using big data analysis techniques. We will show that personalized medicine and mHealth technologies question the very concepts of health and disease and could be a major source of patient empowerment or a terrific tool of biopower over populations.
