ABSTRACT
The discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 marked the beginning of the modern era of antibiotics. Over time, changes occur naturally in the genetic composition of microbes due to overuse and misuse of antimicrobial agents which is one of the primary reasons for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Medical practice was transformed after discovery of antibiotics in early 20th century; however, antibiotic lethality is a complex system level process that is sensitive to the external environment. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Emerging Infectious Network conducted a national survey in 2011 and found that more than 60% of participants had seen a pan-resistant, untreatable bacterial infection within a period of 1 year. The correct length and timing of antimicrobial therapy are two important factors in effectively treating bacterial infections with minimal risk of the development of resistance.
