ABSTRACT
Surfactants are substances that consist of two groups of opposing solubility tendencies that lower the surface tension between liquid–solid or liquid–liquid. This chemical compound possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups. Biosurfactants can lower surface tension, stabilize emulsions, and promote foaming. They are typically non-toxic and biodegradable. The interest in microbial surfactants has grown increasingly in recent years because of their diversity, environmentally friendly and benign nature, ability to be produced on a wide scale, selectivity, and performance under extreme conditions, as well as their impending uses in environmental fortification. These compounds may find use in a range of industries, including agricultural, medicine, humectants, food preservatives, and environmental. Because of the synthetic culture media, the synthesis of biosurfactants is currently prohibitively expensive. Thus, a larger priority is being placed on the utilization of low-cost agro-industrial waste as substrates, such as by-products from sugar and waste from frying oil. These can be employed as substrates for large-scale biosurfactant manufacturing using modern technology, which will be the subject of future research. This review chapter provides an in-depth examination of the raw materials, their commercial production, fermentation methods, current advancements, and prospects for a range of biosurfactant manufacturing systems.
