ABSTRACT
Bioremediation refers to the disposing of pollutants or contaminants by applying microbes, plants and lower animals, mainly based on the mechanism of their metabolic reactions. As most pollutants contain carbon and nitrogen as a nutrition source, organisms utilize these to dispose of pollutants. Primarily, according to the polluted area, bioremediation can be classified roughly into the following categories: soil bioremediation, water remediation, remediation on waste gas, sediment remediation and marine remediation. Secondly, bioremediation can also be categorized into microbial remediation and phytoremediation in terms of the source of organism. The application of microbial remediation mainly includes the biofilm method and activated sludge method on aqueous and gaseous industrial waste, bio-composting on solid waste, and biodegradation for organic and inorganic pollutants on the soil. Furthermore, the function of integrating microorganisms and plants has been studied as well, where plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) play a major role. These PGPRs are applied in phytoremediation for improving plant growth, and their mechanism of PGPRs depends on the microbial electrochemical system under the plant’s root system. Bioremediation has already proven to be an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach in managing various types of environmental contaminants, thus leading towards a sustainable environment.
