ABSTRACT
Nanomaterials are robust tools for nanomedicine in a variety of applications as highly specialized diagnostic and therapeutic devices. Despite advancements in nanomaterial design and synthesis technology, only a few have succeeded in clinical studies. Nanomedicines offer drug delivery to the site of a tumor, and nanoparticles in quantum dots are used in antibiotic-resistant infections. A complex of biologically relevant entities is known as a biological system, which includes cells, organelles, macromolecular complexes, macromoleculars to the nanoscopic scale, and other regulatory pathways. The interactions of nanomaterials with the biological system are highly beneficial in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and can modulate enzymes, protein targets, nucleotides, and different cellular signaling pathways. In this chapter, we will highlight several types of nanoparticles and their interactions on specific biological targets. In addition, we will emphasize how these nanoparticles enhance the drug efficiency on particular target sites with improved drug activity and reduced toxicity against various diseases.
