ABSTRACT
Artificial intelligence (AI) became a topic of academic research in the 1950s, and, by the 1970s, there were several AI programs for healthcare. These systems, including MYCIN (for diagnosis of blood diseases), CADUCEUS, and INTERNIST-I (the latter two for more general diagnosis in internal medicine), were developed at universities and became useful research tools. They were also heralded as the advance guard of a new approach to medicine.
