ABSTRACT
Today, energy storage devices are entering into a broader area owing to their ability to control greenhouse gas emissions by avoiding the combustion of fossil fuels. Apart from this, they play a key role in avoiding the extinction of nonrenewable sources of energy through proper usage of renewable, green energy sources such as wind, sun, water, etc. Different energy storage devices were explored for the proper storage of energy harvested from these different renewable sources. Batteries and supercapacitors are predominant among them and constitute common materials for the fabrication of electrodes and electrolyte. Batteries exhibit high energy density (150 Wh g−1) and high coulombic efficiency, while supercapacitors possess high power density 162(25-100 kW kg−1) [1, 2]. Rechargeable batteries are mostly used because of their ability to store more energy for a given weight and volume and its possibility to reuse by recharging [3]. Among the different types of rechargeable batteries, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are used in most portable electronic devices [4, 5]; however, there are challenges in the working environment of the LIBs. The battery operation involves extreme conditions, such as high temperature, low temperature, high discharge rate, low discharge rate, etc. [6, 7], so the temperature at which they are going to be used is important. For LIBs, the acceptable temperature limit is generally in between -20° C and 60° C, which makes them practical for use in cold weather also. Compared to the lead acid, the low-temperature performance of these batteries is far better [8]. At 0° C, lead acid batteries suffer about 50% capacity reduction, but, for LIBs, it is only about 10%, although it is difficult for LIBs to completely accomplish best performance at low temperatures. At low temperatures, the internal rise in temperature will get compensated by the cold working temperature, while the internal resistance developed will cause a prolonged charging time.
