ABSTRACT
During decades, progress in the field of chemistry has changed the way people lived, by supplying enormous products aimed at improving the quality of human life. Also the greatest perceived benefits came from pharmaceutical industries with development drugs such as antibiotics that affected mankind for centuries. However, because of the development of pesticides and fertilizers the world’s food supply has seen an explosion. Therefore there is practically no facet in material life in which chemistry does not play an important role, either to supply consumer products or to improve services addressed to society in general. Herein, many chemicals and procedures are very hazardous, toxic, and not at all suitable for the environment and nature. Thus today the challenge in organic synthesis lies less in the synthesis 518of organic compounds than in the development of efficient and environmentally benign transformations. Concern about environmental and human health issues necessitated a paradigm shift in organic synthesis from traditional synthetic protocols to greener and sustainable synthetic processes. The development of benign and nonwasteful alternatives not only reduces the cost of waste treatment but also strengthens economic competitiveness via more efficient use of raw materials. Furthermore, the decrease in process hazards materials greatly reduces risk to both workers as well as the consumer. Thus the scope of this research is very wide and incorporated in numerous areas such as the design of safer chemicals and environmentally benign solvents or catalysts, development of renewable feedstocks, alternative energy sources, and others, which reflects the enormity and complexity of this field.
