ABSTRACT
Heavy metals are the important components as they serve as micronutrients for proper growth and functioning of plants. But increased level of heavy metals in soil as a result of soil pollution becomes toxic and renders different negative impacts on plants’ metabolic activities. Different physiological changes take place when heavy metals affect plants such as overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and many adaptive features take place, such as vacuole sequestration, metal chelation, production of micro RNAs, etc. Heavy metals are mainly carried out by some proteins such as transporters and reductases. Different signaling pathways, such as MAPK, calcium, and hormone signaling take place in response to heavy metals. Therefore, to treat the increased level of heavy metal in soil, both microbial and plant remediation strategies are eco-friendly and efficient method.
