ABSTRACT
Sport injuries are leading causes of traumatic brain and spinal injuries, and concerns have been expressed about the development of chronic brain injury such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in sports participants, both professional and amateur. CTE is now also recognised as a complication in military personnel who have survived a blast injury. Second impact syndrome (SIS), a controversial entity, is suggested to occur following a second injury giving rise to cerebral swelling which may lead to death. Head and neck injuries are seen in a variety of sporting activities. In general, unlike the issues relating to boxing, the injuries themselves are non-specific and present the picture of blunt injury. CTE was first described in boxing, a sport that has raised controversy over many years, in relation not only to acute injury, but also to the long-term chronic effects. A number of clinical features have been reported in association with CTE.
