ABSTRACT
Nanomaterial-based biosensor technology provides a promise to unravel the biocompatibility and enhance applications for the detection of toxicants/ pollutants/carcinogens/adulterants and microbes derived from plants, animals, foods, soil, air, and water. The biomolecules are using like enzymes, antibodies, aptamer, receptors, ds/ssDNA, organelles, and cells in the fabrication of biosensor. The biosensor utilizes biomolecules like enzymes (enzymosensor), antibodies (immunosensors), DNA (genosensor), cell/ tissue, microbes, aptamers, and receptors; these biosensors have revealed their potential applications in medical, environmental, and agricultural domains. The utilization of biosensor is simple, quick, and it offers low-price detection of the desired analyte, which has increased its demand globally. Nanomaterial development and utilization toward technologies have created a vast potential contribution to the life sciences particularly biotechnology exploitation metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles, dendrimers, graphene, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, nanocomposite, and quantum dots that have found their places toward the biosensor/nanobiosensor field. The prospects and challenges of NMs pertaining to potential applications of biosensor development and its miniaturization have focused noteworthy influence on the event of recent ultrasensitive biosensing devices (nanobiosensor) to resolve the many environmental issues that affect adversely different numerous comforts of living entities. Nanobiosensors are incredibly specific, selective, sensitive, 518and reusable and independent of pH and temperature. The useful utility of nanomaterial primarily based biosensors is in the food business to envision quality and safety of food, in bioscience early stage and fast detection of the analyte of interest are vital aspects particularly in drug discovery and lifestyle diseases, in defense, and for marine applications. Cell- and a tissue-based biosensor with immobilized enzyme detect hormones, drugs, or toxins, whereas DNA (genosensor) detect toxicants, toxic metals, and the pathogen is the potential goals to be highlighted in this work. The nanomaterial-based biosensor is ultrabiosensor that have engaging prospects and nice challenges toward clinical diagnosing, food analysis, process management, and environmental observance that utilizes the structure and potentiality of nanomaterials and biomolecules to style single-molecule multifunctional nanocomposites, nanofilms, and nanoelectrodes that remains complicated and difficult. Utilization of nanomaterials enhances magnetic, optical, and electrical properties of biosensors/nanobiosensors that are still terribly difficult in regard to fabrication, characterization, detection, and biosensing approach for the potential applications in medical/clinical/health, environmental, and agriculture particularly food industries. The useful utility and perspective of nanomaterials toward biosensor technology would be showed increased sensitivity, detection time, price, and automation. In this chapter, a number of the few recent and previous advances in biosensor technology are mentioned that highlight a comprehensive perspective to the readers.
