ABSTRACT
Wastewater generation is an integral part of our daily lives. As such, efficient treatment of wastewater for reuse or discharge goes a long way to affect the availability of potable water. Again, being in line with the principles of circular economy, wastewater treatment provides the platform for resource recovery from wastewater, through the addition of value to retentate streams to produce useful resources. In this chapter, direct membrane filtration processes for wastewater treatment are presented, highlighting their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. This includes pressure-, osmotic-, electrical- and thermal-driven processes. Again, membrane modules and the factors affecting the efficiency of direct membrane processes are illustrated and discussed, with particular focus on concentration polarization and fouling. Finally, measures of fouling control and recommendations for further studies are made.
