ABSTRACT
The combination of these two forces is defined as electromagnetic fields, or simply electromagnetic fields (EMFs). However, the study of potential health effects from these fields is fraught with complexities, contradictions, and what to some observers seem like impossibilities. In addition, a series of epidemiological studies showed a weak association between exposure to power-frequency EMFs and childhood leukemia or other forms of cancer. In the United States, it reverses direction 60 times per second. However, as indicated, uncertainties remain in the understanding of the potential health effects of EMF. However, beyond the middle ground are a few scientists at one extreme who say enough evidence already exists to show that low-level fields, such as those from power lines, do have adverse health effects, in particular cancer, and therefore society should take strong measures to reduce exposures. In water pollution, economic inefficiencies are just as evident as in air pollution.
