ABSTRACT
Vanadium (V) has been considered a potentially toxic element and has not gotten adequate attention compared to similar kinds of heavy metals in the soil. It acts as an essential element for its various uses in the industrial sectors, especially steel and chemical production. Due to natural and anthropogenic factors such as rock weathering, metal ore mining, fossil fuel combustion and agrochemical usage, the soil environment has become contaminated with V. Vanadium contamination has caused a great threat to the plants and animals well as to the humans. To minimize the hazard potential from V, several remediation methods have been investigated and practiced worldwide. This chapter includes the remediation techniques for V-contaminated soils by physical, chemical and biological approaches that can be identified in this regard. Chemical and physical treatments have a relatively faster process; however, they have drawbacks due to their expensiveness and durability. Compared to physico-chemical techniques, phytoremediation is an environmentally friendly economic management option, and so are the soil amendments. However, the phytoremediation process is a slow process, and the remediation success greatly depends on the plant species used in the management. Integrated techniques with microorganisms could enhance the efficiency and pace of phytoremediation management.
