ABSTRACT
The charging points for electric vehicles (EVs) erecting at the utility system are the end-stage for a power system hierarchy. The electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS) act as an additional load during the charging of EV batteries. The losses of the distribution system are increased with the incorporation of EVCS. Therefore, EVCS need to be placed at optimal locations of distribution systems. The increase in the number of EVCS will increase the losses, but with a fewer number of charging points, the feasibility of adopting EVs is difficult. In this chapter, the EVCS are placed at different locations not only with more number of charging points but also with reduced losses.
The planning is accomplished in a two-step process. In the first step, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) finds the optimum location of the EVCS in balanced radial distribution systems (BRDS). The second step improves the voltage profile of BRDS via reconfiguration. The major objective of this two-step process is to reduce the radial distribution systems’ (RDS) real power losses with the placement of charging stations. The accuracy of the proposed method is elaborated in four scenarios with three internal cases. The two-step process is adopted in the second, third, and fourth scenarios and is compared with the base case scenario where the EVCS is placed optimally using PSO onto the existing BRDS. The fourth scenario uses a simultaneous two-step optimization process and proves to be the best in terms of performance. The proposed method is validated through a simulation study on 16 bus BRDS using MATLAB®.
By the end of this chapter, the reader will be able to implement the following:
Design of load flow for the given RDS
Analyzing the RDS with load flows
Modeling of different types of loads including EVCS
Reconfiguration of the distribution system
Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
Optimal planning of EVCS using PSO
Optimal placement of EVCS on a 16 bus BRDS
