ABSTRACT
Although not considered diagnostic criteria for protein energy malnutrition (PEM), which is a deficiency of macronutrients, micronutrient deficiencies are commonly associated with PEM. Diagnosis of micronutrient deficiencies can be challenging. Biochemical values should be interpreted with caution as many factors influence serum levels, which in turn may only reflect recent intake instead of actual nutrient stores. Thus, it is important to use the nutrition-focused physical exam (NFPE) to detect physical signs and symptoms of deficiency. A thorough review of the patient’s medical and diet history can identify risk of deficiency of specific micronutrients, which will help guide the clinician when conducting the NFPE.
