ABSTRACT
The simultaneous development of technologies for recombinant organisms and technologies for culturing mammalian cells allowed bioprocesses to be conducted in a submerged medium and to become the main platforms for obtaining biological products and/or biopharmaceuticals. The production of recombinant proteins using mammalian cell culture for research and development necessarily begins with obtaining the cell line. Catabolic pathways, especially involving glucose and glutamine, are very similar in different cell types, so the differences between the effects of lactate and ammonia can be related to the different substrate specificities of key enzymes in the main metabolic pathways, and metabolic changes in response to the adverse environment. Mechanical agitation is a mixing operation to homogenize a suspension, maintain suspended solids, ensure heat transfer and improve the mass transfer rate of oxygen. Impellers with blades aligned parallel to the stirrer shaft, such as the Rushton turbine, provide radial or horizontal flow.
