ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on the orbital-zygomaticomaxillary complex as well as panfacial fractures. Stereolithographic models are the simplest form of computer-aided planning that can physically aid orbital reconstruction. Computer-assisted craniomaxillofacial surgery is separated into four pillars: computer-aided pre-surgical planning, intraoperative navigation and intraoperative imaging and, most recently, point of care three-dimensional printing. A common use of intraoperative navigation is in the location and removal of foreign bodies. Intraoperative navigation within craniomaxillofacial surgery is most widely used with traumatic injuries. The largest subset is those requiring orbital decompression and reconstruction. Advances in craniofacial reconstruction plates and materials such as preformed orbital meshes and implants have allowed for precon-toured segments and simplified establishing pre-injury orbital volume and form, even including the inferomedial bulge over the Haller ethmoid air cells. Overall, there are inconsistent data to show that intraoperative navigation consistently improves outcomes with orbital trauma.
