ABSTRACT
The antibiotic resistance (AR) leads to the development of new resistant bacteria or superbugs, resulting in failure of antibiotic therapy under clinical situations in both humans and animals. Situations, wherein antimicrobials are ineffective against certain strains, have also been observed in different studies carried out by researchers. Spread of resistance can happen between different bacterial species through cross-resistance without depending on pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains. AR development particularly in the pathogens has become the greatest threat to antibiotic therapy. Awareness and upgradation of knowledge regarding AR among all stakeholders, including farmers, veterinary, and para-veterinary staffs will be helpful to tackle AR issues. There is a need for successful implementation of strict regulation and surveillance monitoring of antibiotics residues in milk. Availability of reliable techniques (immunoassay, liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry) is quite essential for implementing national regulation, screening, and identifying antimicrobial residues in milk. In addition to judicial use of antibiotics, good hygiene and animal husbandry practices at dairy farms could reduce the antibiotic residues in milk.
