ABSTRACT
Since the introduction of integrated circuits (ICs) in 1952 and the acknowledgment of the first IC at Texas Instrument in 1958, the last five decades witnessed an exponential development of silicon (Si)-based microelectronics industry. Rapid advancement in this industry is accomplished mainly due to consistent scaling or scaling down of all electronic components (active and passive) integrated on the ICs. IC scaling down technique supported the scaling of traditional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device, and metallic interconnects are used for the connection of device terminal with a power supply voltage. Scaling down in IC technology makes less testing necessities at the system level and achieves significant cost-saving and faster switching. It leads to compact, low-power, and highly reliable designs. As an outcome, it gives faster and enhanced ICs for high-definition digital television, digital receiver, high-speed microprocessor, communication, DSP, traffic control, business transactions, weather monitoring system, space guidance, medical treatment system, and many other commercial, industrial, and scientific enterprises.
