Control of chloroplastic resistant weed biotypes in vineyard: The phytotoxicity of pendimethalin

The use of pendimethalin in vineyard can be the cause of important damages on the young expanding leaves in early vegetation stages. The lamina curls down and presents necrotic margin and oil-like spots; the mean leaf surface is also seriously affected. It was demonstrated that the damage is caused by the vapour phase of the product, and depends on the moisture of the soil.