Power-to-fuel

Power to fuel (P-t-F) is a promising technique that provides power conversion into high value-added products. The P-t-F technique can store surplus energy that forms due to the fluctuating electricity in renewable sources as a fuel. Different pathways that use the P-t-F technique can be developed depending on many factors (e.g., desired output, availability of investment, thermodynamic assessment). In this chapter, the main sub-processes stages (e.g., renewables, hydrogen production, and CO₂ capture) that could be employed in the various pathways are introduced. Then, the working principle of these pathways is presented in detail. The key components (e.g., CO₂ electrolyzer, electrochemical Haber-Bosch reactor, co-electrolyzer) of these pathways are also described. Finally, the thermodynamic assessment of P-t-F systems for two cases (methanol and ammonia) considering the recent key P-t-F studies (2015–2021) is given and discussed.