ABSTRACT
The chapter on Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation outlines the geological time line of climate change since the origin of earth and its endurance of five ice ages with interglacial periods to the present Anthropocene epoch. For 11,700 years, the earth experienced a stable climate, but due to human interventions, changes in physical geography with increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it has warmed to 13.9°C. The impact of global warming is noticed in the form of high frequency of natural calamities like cyclones, landslides, tornadoes, droughts, floods, heatwaves, wildfires, etc. Large-scale destruction of ecosystems has threatened their survival; therefore, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) formulates policies to tackle GHG emissions, considering the vulnerabilities for mitigation and adaptation for developed and developing countries. The Conference of Parties (COP) releases the Assessment reports (AR) every 5 years and sets future guidelines for implementation at national, regional and local levels for the world. Proactive conventional and negative emission mitigations with community- and ecosystem-based adaptations (CbA and EbA) for extreme climate changes with sustained development are mandatory to achieve a climate-resilient society and earth.
