ABSTRACT
Apple manufacturing has long been a significant economic activity across the world. The advancement of propagation strategies from its domestication to the current day has resulted in the widespread distribution and cultivation of apple trees in many parts of the world. Apple trees can be reproduced via seeds, which are limited to usage in breeding programs, or by a variety of vegetative propagation techniques, which can be used for both rootstocks and apple scion cultivars. The propagation of plants plays a critical role in enabling the production of seedlings with better morphology and disease-free seedlings, which necessitate improvements and advances in propagation for new releases of scions and rootstocks of apples, especially given the high technological levels currently used in the crop management of apples. Micro propagation of apples by organogenesis is one of the most beneficial tissue culture techniques in the apple fruit crops.
