ABSTRACT
Bioceramics are nonmetallic inorganic solid materials used for permanent and temporary bone replacements. They are categorized into three groups: bioinert, bioresorbable, and bioactive, based on their interactions with the human body. Bioinert ceramics like alumina and zirconia provide mechanical support to damaged bones without significant biological recognition. Bioresorbable ceramics, like calcium phosphate-based ones, exhibit gradual dissolution in the body when utilized as implants, eventually being replaced by the body’s natural tissues. Bioactive ceramics like bioactive glasses and hydroxyapatites form a bone-like hydroxyapatite layer in response to interactions with body fluids, promoting bonding with living tissues.
Bioceramics find diverse applications, including total hip and knee replacements using dense, nonporous alumina and zirconia ceramics. Porous hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass scaffolds aid in regenerating diseased bones, spinal fusion, and dental-related treatments. Bioceramics also enhance the biological properties of metallic implants when used as coatings.
Their biocompatibility and biodegradation in the human body have intrigued material scientists and medical specialists. Researchers focus on in situ biodegradation while fulfilling biological and mechanical requirements. This chapter examines the biocompatibility and biodegradability of bioceramics, with an emphasis on in vitro assays. Additionally, it explores the bioactivity of bioceramics concerning their biodegradability.
