ABSTRACT
The decrease in agricultural production is primarily the result of phytopathogens of metallic nanoparticles on plants becoming resistant to conventional control agents (such as antibiotics) and the toxicity of pesticides. As a result, advances in nanotechnology can be used to manage phytopathogens in a more effective manner. Nanoparticles of silver are one of the many different forms of nanoparticles that are used to fight phytopathogens (plant diseases). There is evidence that silver nanoparticles are used in agriculture effectively against bacteria like Xanthomonas spp., fungi like Trichophyton mentagrophytes, viruses like Potyvirus, and insects like mosquitoes. In addition to silver, it is known that nanomaterials with phytoprotective qualities can be found in other metals, such as zinc, copper, gold, and titanium. Several studies have reported the use of nanocarriers such as chitosan nanoparticles, silica nanoparticles, and layered double hydroxides for the application of fungicides, insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers are effective in delivering the substances they are designed to deliver. The present chapter examines the application of nanoparticles in agriculture as biocides and the mode of action of nanomaterials against phytopathogens. The procedures for producing nanoparticles, including chemical, physical, and biological techniques, are developed with a particular focus on their applications in agriculture. Many methods of spectroscopic and microscopic characterization can be utilized in the investigation of nanoparticles. The characterization is a highly significant area of nanoparticle research. In addition, this chapter delves into the characterization of nanoparticles, and their detrimental consequences. Prior to its implementation, the potential risks posed by nanoparticles in agricultural settings are analyzed, and the chapter also includes discussions of the prospects for nanotechnology.
