ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global crisis created by humans that cannot be treated with any known antimicrobial agent. It is caused by a variety of microorganisms, such as Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. AMR is characterized by the presence of a large number of bacterial strains that are resistant to antibiotics. AMR affects public health around the world. Misuse or overuse of antimicrobials has made it difficult to combat this situation. Any microbe can develop resistance to multiple drugs (multidrug resistance), which is extremely difficult to treat. When infected with resistant bacteria, the risk of severe illness and death is tripled. HIV and malaria are developing drug resistance. More than 700,000 people worldwide die of drug-resistant diseases. Antimicrobial resistance is a serious impediment to performing surgery in patients who are more susceptible to infection. Various strategies have been discovered to combat this situation, including inhibitors, nanoparticles, vaccines, essential oils, phage therapy, peptides, and peptidomimetics. This chapter examines how microbes develop resistance to antibiotics and summarizes current strategies being developed to combat antimicrobial resistance. These methods have the capacity to save lives. Antimicrobials should be used sparingly or only in dire situations.
