ABSTRACT
In this review, we aimed to summarize the thymoquinone-loaded nanoformulation therapeutic potentials in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thymoquinone (TQ) modulates signaling pathways that are key to cancer 18progression and improve the cytotoxic potential of clinical drugs while reducing their toxic side effects. TNBC is characterized by the absence of targetable receptors viz. estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expressions. It is also characterized by reduced or absence of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) expression, a tumor suppressor gene having diverse functions including regulation of apoptosis, cell cycle, and metastasis. Since TQ has been reported to up-regulate several growth factors such as vascular endo-thelial growth factor (VEGF), EGF and PTEN expression. Recent researches demonstrate that TQ has remarkable action on TNBC.
