ABSTRACT
Environmental pollutants are hazardous to humans, and the challenges for environmental and analytical chemistry are detecting directly the pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and toxins from waste streams and the monitoring of soil and aquatic conditions. Due to the lack of tools with broad detection constraints and the lack of expensive facilities, the current approaches being implemented to perform real-time assay and monitor contaminated specimens were restricted. Strategies have been exerted in the development of awareness technology and therefore fast, low-cost, responsive sensors are required. The increasing focus on nanomaterials with advanced optoelectrical properties has contributed to the further introduction 190of biosensors with new applications. Nanobiosensors are used for monitoring pollution levels by analyzing the ultra-sensitivity of contaminants swiftly. For example, nano-biosensors have certain distinctive features of a small scale, compact, powerful, tangible, vulnerable, and relatively low cost. Therefore, nano-biosensors may seem a powerful response to traditional methods of analysis since these allow extremely responsive, active, and high-frequency detection of the presence of contaminants without detailed analysis.
